![]() In an earlier study, which was the first to explore children's committed compliance from a family systems perspective, we examined the link between family-level processes and children's compliance with 16-month-old toddlers and their older siblings ( Volling, Blandon, & Gorvine, 2006). The investigation of fathers' parenting behaviors and other family processes, such as coparenting between the mother and father and the differential treatment of siblings, has been limited. Mothers' parenting behavior has been identified as an important determinant in the emergence of young children's internalization and their use of committed compliance ( Kochanska & Aksan, 2006 Kochanska et al., 1995). In contrast, situational compliance, in which children comply but are less enthusiastic and need frequent parental prompts, and passive noncompliance, characterized by children's not following parental directives without exhibiting overt refusal or defiance, decrease as children mature ( Kochanska, Aksan, & Koenig, 1995 Kuczynski & Kochanska, 1990). Indeed, committed compliance increases across the toddler and preschool years. Children's committed compliance to parental directives has been identified as an early indicator of internalization because it reflects children's active and enthusiastic involvement in the task directed by the parent and is often characterized by self-initiated behavior ( Kochanska & Aksan, 1995 Feldman & Klein, 2003). Children's internalization reflects the transition from the external, parental control of behavior to the adoption of societal norms and standards as intrinsic regulators of behavior and is considered an important precursor for later conscience and moral development ( Grusec, 2006 Kochanska, Coy, & Murray, 2001). Underlying this developmental achievement is the increasing capacity for self-regulation and the internalization of parental socialization goals ( Kochanska & Aksan, 2006 Kopp, 1982). Young children's ability to follow socially constrained rules of conduct is an important developmental task during the toddler and preschool years ( Kopp, 1982). Results underscore the need to explore within-family processes in order to understand children's early compliance and internalization. Differential parental gentle guidance appears to negatively impact older siblings' compliance. For older siblings' committed compliance and both siblings' passive noncompliance, it was the direct effect of parental gentle guidance that was important. Maternal and paternal gentle guidance interacted to explain younger siblings' committed compliance to the father and older siblings' situational compliance. Mothers used more gentle guidance than fathers, but no differences were found in their parenting across siblings. Older siblings used more committed compliance and less passive noncompliance than their younger siblings. Several of the results were replicated with our older sample. Observational data from 57 families (mothers, fathers, and two siblings) participating in a family clean-up session were used to replicate earlier findings reported by Volling, Blandon, and Gorvine (2006). ![]() This study examined the link between young children's compliance and parental gentle guidance from a within-family perspective.
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